stored as a 1 mg/mL solution in 100% ethanol). Viral particles were allowed to interact with host cells for 1 h in the absence of FBS, and then the supernatant was replaced with complete growth medium containing 0.1, 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 μg/mL Prostaglandin A 1 (PGA 1, Sigma Chemical Co. Monolayers of MDBK cells were infected with cpBVDV-1 (NADL strain) at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. MDBK cells were cultured in vitro in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), supplemented with 10% BVDV-free fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco), penicillin (500 U/mL), streptomycin (100 μg/mL) and amphotericin B (fungizone, at 2.5 μg/mL). ![]() Therefore, we evaluate the effect of PGA 1 on the replication of cpBVDV in MDBK cells, focusing on changes in BVDV-induced vacuolization. 9–11 Despite the importance of BVDV for animal health, the effect of PGA 1 on BVDV replication has not been examined. Prostaglandin A 1 (PGA 1) is capable of blocking the replication of a wide variety of RNA and DNA viruses, including CSFV. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways. Prostaglandins are natural eicosanoids secreted by a variety of human tissues and capable of causing profound and diverse physiological effects at very low concentrations. 8 showed that cpBVDV induced extensive vacuolization in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells however, this phenomenon appeared morphologically different from that observed in apoptosis and necrosis. 7 BVDV isolates are also classified into cytopathogenic (cpBVDV) or non-cytopathogenic (ncpBVDV) depending on their ability to cause cytopathic effect in cell culture. 5īVDV isolates are divided into the genetic groups BVDV 1 and 2, which are genetically related to a separate species, the BVDV-3 or Hobi group, 6 which was initially identified in fetal bovine serum from Brazil. The E2 protein appears to be of major importance for pestivirus neutralization. This large polypeptide is cleaved (by host and viral proteases) to generate the capsid protein (C), the glycoproteins Erns, E1 and E2, a non-structural protease (Npro) and a number of other non-structural proteins (p7, NS2/NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B). Its genome consists of a positive sense, single-stranded RNA of about 12,000 nucleotides, containing a large open reading frame coding for a single polyprotein with about 4000 amino acids. 4 The pestivirus capsid has an icosahedral symmetry formed by a single protein (capsid protein C), and is enveloped by a lipoprotein membrane. 3 Also, the serum of infected animals may contain active BVDV viral particles, which may result in permanent infection in primary cultures and established cell lines that are routinely cultivated using bovine serum, in the laboratory.īVDV is the type-species of the Pestivirus genus (from the Flaviviridae family) that also includes the border disease virus (BDV) and the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. 1 When the infection is established in the final period of gestation, calves can give birth to immunotolerant and persistently infected calves that are considered reservoirs of the virus. In pregnant cows, BVDV can reach the fetus and cause abortion, stillbirth or teratogenic defects, depending on the gestational period when infection was established. ![]() ![]() 1 The disease caused by BVDV ranges in severity from asymptomatic to acute infection and fatal mucosal disease, with a mortality index of approximately 5%, which leads to an economic impact of BVDV infections of up to £993 per cow per year. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an insidious, complex and ubiquitous pathogen that can affect cattle of all breeds and all ages, as well as others domestic and wild ruminants.
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